The vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) is a widely used instrument for determining magnetic properties of a large variety of materials: diamagnetics, paramagnetics, ferromagnetics, ferrimagnetics and antiferromagnetics. The working principle is that a sample acquiring a magnetic moment due to a uniform applied magnetic field vibrates sinusoidally, inducing a sinusoidal electrical signal in suitable placed pick-up coils. The signal has the same frequency of vibration and its amplitude will be proportional to the magnetic moment, amplitude and relative position with respect to the pick-up coils system. The Vector VSM electromagnet is placed on a rotating base while thevoltage signals from two sets of mutually perpendicular stationary pickups coils A and B, are then combined and converted (after calibration) to give the magnetization component parallel (mx) and perpendicular (my) to the field (H) as well as parallel and perpendicular to the sample.
English (UK) 
Italiano (Italia)